Your exam will consist of 1 essay (suggested writing time -- 45 minutes) You will have 6 DBQ's (needing about 1 paragraph each of writing) You will also have 10 ID's Cominform Appeasement Brinkmanship Rollback Policy BackDoor Diplomacy U2 Nato Warsaw Pact Truman Doctrine Domino Theory NSC - 68 Buffer States MAD Potsdam/Yalta Eisenhower Doctrine Monroe Doctrine Congo Marshall Plan Comintern Berlin Wall Berlin Blockade/Airlift Baruch Plan Detente Collective Security Quarantine vs. Blockade Proxy Wars
Suggest Definitions for the following Terms
Appeasement Morality Collective Security Colonialism Proportionality Containment Domino Theory Empathy Unilateral Just War War Criminals Rationality Questions for the Notebook Why did the Gulf of Tonkin incident represent a turning point for US policy in Vietnam? Are the rules of war enforceable? In The Fog of War, McNamara says that empathy was present in the Cuban missile crisis but absent in Vietnam. What does McNamara cite as specific examples for each case? What does he believe were the consequences in each case? Create a timeline/poster describing the Cold War in Europe from 1953-1961.
Your poster should include at least 4 primary source quotes and the folllowing terms with brief explanation of how these events impacted the Cold War. Detente Death of Stalin Eisenhower Doctrine East German Uprising Warsaw Pact Treaty The Geneva Conference Poland and Hungary 1956 The Suez Crisis Krushchev's ultimatum 1958 U2 Incident Berlin Wall (4 more events of your choosing) (20 marks total, 1 mark for each event correctly summarized, 5 marks for quality of overall poster and presentation -- neatness, readability, creativity, completeness, usability. How the Fall of the Berlin Wall Really Happened By MARY ELISE SAROTTENOV. 6, 2014 CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — The opening of the Berlin Wall, 25 years ago this Sunday, marked a surprisingly joyous end to a conflict that could have erupted into thermonuclear combat. In the decades since, many Americans have come to believe that the wall fell thanks to President Ronald Reagan’s direct, personal intervention. In a 1987 speech in front of the Brandenburg Gate in a divided Berlin, he told Soviet leaders to “tear down this wall” — and so, we’ve been told, they did. This misreading of the actual fall of the wall is, at best, incomplete; at worst, it’s dangerous, contributing to the belief that American leaders can go “from Berlin to Baghdad,” shaping world events while ignoring the complex realities of the locals. In truth, the opening of the Berlin Wall on the night of Nov. 9, 1989, was not planned. Well into that year, East Germany remained nearly inescapable: The last killing by a guard at the wall occurred in February 1989; the last shooting, a very near miss, in April; the last death during an escape attempt on the larger East German border, only 10 days earlier. So what happened to make this heavily armed border open literally overnight? The answer lies in a series of mistakes by East German officials. These errors threw off dangerous sparks into the tense atmosphere of autumn 1989, already supercharged by the conflict between the rise of an East German resistance movement and the collapse of the ruling regime. It was the Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev who had opened the door to these events. In his four years in power, he had introduced a series of social and political reforms across Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe — but to enhance his Communist Party’s control, not end it. These reforms put the hard-line dictators in East Germany in a bind. They felt they had to make some sort of concession, too. Politburo members in East Berlin decided to make minor changes to the state’s draconian travel rules — but to retain their power to deny travel permission on a whim. The announcement of this pseudo-reform, at an international news conference televised on the night of Nov. 9, was botched. The bumbling Politburo member running the conference, Günter Schabowski, read the news release for the first time on air. Much of his reading was garbled, but a few phrases popped out: that trips abroad would be “possible for every citizen,” starting “right away, immediately.” Shorn of their context, these phrases mistakenly gave journalists and TV viewers the impression that the wall was open. But his error need not have been fatal. Politburo members making mistakes was nothing new, and the bottom line had not changed: The regime’s armed sentries still stood at the wall, with orders to keep the gates closed. What had changed was the self-assurance of the people. By autumn 1989, the protest movement had gained sufficient confidence to take advantage of this incompetence. The people already knew the authorities would back down: A month earlier, peaceful protesters in Leipzig had turned out in such overwhelming numbers that the security forces, which we now know had planned a Tiananmen-style crackdown, had backed off. Continue reading the main story Continue reading the main story Continue reading the main story And they knew they could trust each other. Stasi interrogators had once asked a prisoner named Katrin Hattenhauer, a young rebel, how she and her fellow dissidents held together despite all of the Stasi’s actions against them. She replied that shared suffering welded people together more strongly than shared success: “Where the hammer has come down, whatever is underneath is going to hold together.” Continue reading the main story Recent Comments Umbrella 2 days ago I am writing from Hong Kong, a Westernised-city within the holds of China. The situation is a bit inverted, we are just a tiny city in the... TG 2 days ago An excellent, informative article - but I was a bit surprised to read its opening premise, that "many Americans have come to believe that... MarkusWard 2 days ago "horn of their context, these phrases mistakenly gave journalists and TV viewers the impression that the wall was open."Another funny but...
When one of the regime’s most loyal subordinates, a Stasi officer named Harald Jäger who was working the Nov. 9 night shift at a crucial checkpoint in the Berlin Wall, repeatedly phoned his superiors with accurate reports of swelling crowds, they did not trust or believe him. They called him a delusional coward. Insulted, furious and frightened, he decided to let the crowds out, starting a chain reaction that swept across all of the checkpoints that night. In short, the fall of the wall came about because of the complex interplay among Soviet reforms, East Berlin’s incompetence and, crucially, rising opposition from everyday Germans. As another dissident, Marianne Birthler, puts it, Westerners believe that “it was the opening of the wall that brought us our freedom.” Rather, “it was the other way around. First we fought for our freedom; and then, because of that, the wall fell.” This doesn’t mean the West was irrelevant. The attractiveness of the freedoms of the West, both political and commercial, served as motivation for large numbers of East Germans, as shown clearly by their later vote for rapid German reunification on Western terms. And the support that the United States gave both to its allies in Western Europe and to dissidents in Eastern Europe over the course of the long Cold War helped to shape an environment in which the wall could open. But that support did not open the barrier all by itself. Rather than congratulate itself for things that it did not do, on this anniversary Washington should learn from what it did do. Playing a long game, it helped to create a context in which locals could seize on opportunities to overcome their own dictators. That is indeed a success worth celebrating. Mary Elise Sarotte is a professor of history at the University of Southern California, a visiting professor at Harvard and the author, most recently, of “The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall.” 8 Creative Ways People Went Over the Berlin Wall 3447 Share Ethan Trexfiled under: Lists We're approaching the 25th anniversary of the Berlin Wall coming down (November 9, 1989). Although the East German government fortified the barrier with everything from watchtowers to guard dogs to beds of nails, a few people managed to slip over the border in amazing ways.
1. On a Tightrope East German acrobat Horst Klein made one of the most daring escapes over the wall in early 1963. Thanks to his acrobatic skill, Klein was able to turn an unused high-tension cable that stretched over the wall into his route. He moved hand-over-hand while dangling from the cable 60 feet over the head of patrolling guards, then when his arms became fatigued, he swung his whole body up over the cable and inched his way along. Klein’s dismount wasn’t particularly graceful – he fell off of the cable – but he landed in West Berlin. 2. Down a Zip Line On March 31, 1983, friends Michael Becker and Holger Bethke took Klein’s idea one step further by letting gravity do the heavy lifting for them. The pair climbed to the attic of a five-story building on the eastern side of the wall and fired an arrow tied to a thin fishing line over a building in West Berlin. An accomplice grabbed the arrow and reeled in the line, which was connected to a slightly heavier fishing line, then to a quarter-inch steel cable. Once the steel cable was attached to a chimney on the western side of the wall, Becker and Bethke zipped across the quarter-inch cable using wooden pulleys. 3. Without a Windshield When Austrian lathe operator Heinz Meixner pulled up to Checkpoint Charlie on May 5, 1963, something must have seemed odd about his red Austin Healey Sprite convertible. Namely, it was missing its windshield. (A closer inspection would also have revealed that his mother was hiding in the trunk.) When the East German guard directed Meixner to pull over to a customs shed, Meixner instead floored the accelerator and ducked. His tiny car slipped right under the three-foot-high barrier dividing the East from the West. 4. With a Passport from Hef A 1986 Los Angeles Times piece by Gordon E. Rowley described Meixner’s driving escape, but it also detailed a decidedly low-tech method of crossing the border. According to Rowley, some border crossers simply approached the guards and flashed their membership cards for Munich’s Playboy Club. The cards so closely resembled diplomatic passports that the guards often waved them through. 5. On a Speeding Train These clever escapes all worked, but in the wall’s early days, brute force was an option, too. In December 1961, a 27-year-old train engine driver named Harry Deterling piloted what he dubbed “the last train to freedom” across the border. Instead of slowing down his passenger train as it approached the fortifications, Deterling throttled it up to full speed and ripped through the wall. The train skidded to a stop in West Berlin’s Spandau borough, allowing Deterling, seven members of his family, and 16 other people aboard the train to remain in the West. The train’s engineer and six other passengers chose to return to East Germany. 6. In a Hot Air Balloon The escape orchestrated by Hans Strelczyk and Gunter Wetzel in 1979 sounds like it came straight out of a comic book. Strelczyk, a mechanic, and Wetzel, a mason, used their mechanical know-how to build a hot air balloon engine out of old propane cylinders. Their wives then pieced together a makeshift balloon from scraps of canvas and old bed sheets, and on September 16, 1979, the two couples, along with their four children, floated up to 8,000 feet and drifted over the wall to freedom. 7. In a Well-Aged Tunnel In May 1962, a dozen people escaped from the East by way of Der Seniorentunnel, otherwise known as “the Senior Citizens’ Tunnel.” Led by an 81-year-old man, a group of senior citizens had spent 16 days digging a 160-foot-long and 6-foot-tall tunnel from an East German chicken coop all the way to the other side of the wall. According to one of the diggers, the tunnel was so tall because the old men wanted “to walk to freedom with our wives, comfortably and unbowed.” 8. In a Uniform Movies tend to portray East German border guards as soulless automatons who were dead-set on keeping everyone on their side of the wall, but many of the guards were just as desperate to escape as their fellow East Germans. One perk of being a border guard was that a soldier could simply wander over the border to freedom, and a lot of them did. Over 1,300 made the jump in the first two years of the wall’s existence. The most famous of these escapes was made by 19-year-old guard Conrad Schumann on August 15, 1961, just the third day of the wall’s construction. Since the “wall” was really just piles of barbed wire at that point, Schumann jumped over the wire in his uniform while toting his machine gun. A photographer caught Schumann’s flying leap, and the jump to freedom became an iconic Cold War image. Schumann eventually settled in the southwestern state of Bavaria and worked as a machine operator. He committed suicide in 1998. This post originally appeared in 2011. Notebook will be checked for overall quality and completeness but with particular attention to:
A. 2 sentence summary and 4 bullet points B. 2 paragraphs on Gaddis' article C. 3/4 page on Cold war developments 1952-55 D. 1 page on Hungary, Poland, Suez Crisis After the quiz, read and take notes on the the nature of cold war after the death of Stalin up through the Cuban Missile Crisis answering the question "what were the specific events that lead to an increase in tension between the superpowers between 1954-1962 (3/4 of a page) and then read and take notes on Hungary and Poland in 1956 (3/4 of a page) answering the question what were the causes and results of the Anti-communist movements in Poland and Hungary in 1956.
North Korea
Leader : Goals: Fears: South Korea Leader : Goals: Fears: Russia Leader : Goals: Fears: China Leader : Goals: Fears: The United States Leader : Goals: Fears: France Leader : Goals: Fears: England Leader : Goals: Fears: Player Cards above: Activity #1 You have 10 minutes to research your assigned nations aims/goals and fears over the Korean War Activity #2 Spend 10 minutes reading the packet timeline and activity #1 Activity #3 You have twenty minutes to complete 4 tweets concerning the war (1950-1954) I will declare a tweet winner. For Homework on Wednesday -- read packet In a 2 paragraph response, each paragraph with a topic sentence explain Gaddis’ argument why the Cold War did not go Nuclear between 1948-1961. Short Essay Question Explain why the United States and the USSR did not escalate the Korean War into a Nuclear War. OR Analyze the Outcome of the Korean War Key Terms (identify and explain significance): MAD Truman Mao Tse-Tung Chiang Kai-Shek Syngman Rhee Kim Il-Sung Kuomintang Sino-Soviet Pact Asian Defense Perimeter Korean War Armistice 38th Parallel |
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